news-review:hallmarks-of-aging
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news-review:hallmarks-of-aging [2020/01/11 04:17] marcos |
news-review:hallmarks-of-aging [2025/03/18 06:03] (current) marcos |
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| - | // The Hallmarks of Aging is an exemplary article for ease of reading, and doesn't really need a lot of "translation" for non-biology scientists (the goal of this site). Although it uses jargon, the sentence structure lends itself for ease of understanding. Perhaps that is why it has been cited as often as it has in other research articles. Therefore, the following review has been made as a cliff-notes version with expansions and addendums. // | ||
| ====== The Hallmarks of Aging ====== | ====== The Hallmarks of Aging ====== | ||
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| (mutation-accumulation theory) from the many that breed and die young. Also, "Selection pressure to invest metabolic resources in somatic maintenance and repair is limited; all that is required is to keep the organism in sound condition for as long as it might survive in the wild (disposable-soma theory)." (Kirkwood and Austad 2000)((Kirkwood and Austad 2000 https://www.nature.com/articles/35041682)) | (mutation-accumulation theory) from the many that breed and die young. Also, "Selection pressure to invest metabolic resources in somatic maintenance and repair is limited; all that is required is to keep the organism in sound condition for as long as it might survive in the wild (disposable-soma theory)." (Kirkwood and Austad 2000)((Kirkwood and Austad 2000 https://www.nature.com/articles/35041682)) | ||
| - | There is also a certain irony that we are in competition with our own genes for survival. Genes are more likely to survive in an evolutionary sense, if the gene is used in multiple biological functions. A mutation of a pleiotropic gene is less likely to be compatible in all the dependent functions requiring it for assembly. Thus, a pleiotropic gene is selfish at the cost of the adaptability of a species to its environment. Also at the cost of deleterious phenotypes such as aging? | + | There is also a certain irony that we are in competition with our own genes for survival. Genes are more likely to survive in an evolutionary sense, if the gene is used in multiple biological functions. A mutation of a pleiotropic gene is less likely to be compatible in all the dependent functions requiring it for assembly. Thus, a pleiotropic gene is selfish at the cost of the adaptability of a species to its environment. Also at the cost of deleterious phenotypes such as aging? In some cases not, due to [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy-number_variation |copy number variation]] of some genes. |
| As an experiment, fruit flies in a protected environment, were allowed to live to old age. They were allowed to breed if they outlived their counterparts. Over multiple generations, this created a progeny with longer lifespans. The long lived fruit flies had fewer offspring, suggesting that there is a trade-off between reproductive fitness and longevity. The same result, longer lifespan and fewer progeny, was also noted in mammals living on an island without predation. (Kirkwood and Austad 2000)((Kirkwood and Austad 2000 https://www.nature.com/articles/35041682)) | As an experiment, fruit flies in a protected environment, were allowed to live to old age. They were allowed to breed if they outlived their counterparts. Over multiple generations, this created a progeny with longer lifespans. The long lived fruit flies had fewer offspring, suggesting that there is a trade-off between reproductive fitness and longevity. The same result, longer lifespan and fewer progeny, was also noted in mammals living on an island without predation. (Kirkwood and Austad 2000)((Kirkwood and Austad 2000 https://www.nature.com/articles/35041682)) | ||
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| Repetitive elements may comprise over two-thirds of the genome. (Koning et al 2011)((Koning et al 2011 https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002384)) These are thought to be caused by [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_genetic_elements |mobile genetic elements]] such as [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrotransposon |retrotransposons]], which cause gene duplication events. | Repetitive elements may comprise over two-thirds of the genome. (Koning et al 2011)((Koning et al 2011 https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002384)) These are thought to be caused by [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_genetic_elements |mobile genetic elements]] such as [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrotransposon |retrotransposons]], which cause gene duplication events. | ||
| - | Transposons are [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfish_genetic_element |selfish genetic elements]], yet [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2874221 |serve functions that are still being discovered]] (Muñoz-López and García-Pérez 2010)((Muñoz-López and García-Pérez 2010 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2874221)). | + | Some transposons are [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfish_genetic_element |selfish genetic elements]], yet [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2874221 |serve functions that are still being discovered]] (Muñoz-López and García-Pérez 2010)((Muñoz-López and García-Pérez 2010 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2874221)). |
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| + | Other transposons function in the immune system, where they create novel antibodies against toxins or pathogens. | ||
| ==== Mitochondrial DNA ==== | ==== Mitochondrial DNA ==== | ||
news-review/hallmarks-of-aging.1578716235.txt.gz · Last modified: 2020/01/11 04:17 by marcos
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